Children s Range Of Vocabulary Development - 1085 Words

Respond to prompts 4a–c below by referring to children’s range of vocabulary development related to the learning segment—What do they know, what are they struggling with, and/or what is new to them? a. Identify the key vocabulary (i.e., developmentally appropriate sounds, words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs) essential for children to use during the learning segment. [Students already know key math vocabulary terms such as true math statements, say-ten way, and place values. These terms are crucial for students to continue in expanding their academic vocabulary terms for this math topic. During the learning segments for this topic, students will learn and apply different key vocabulary terms. These terms include words such as†¦show more content†¦Students will also verbally share with the class the different comparison problems they created which will allow students to use the vocabulary terms. The last learning experience, 4, will allow students to continue to build from experience 3 in practicing the vocabulary terms and math symbols. Students will say true math statements as well as create their own. There are several ways students will implement their vocabulary terms in meaningful ways.] 5. Monitoring Children’s Learning In response to the prompts below, refer to the assessments you will submit as part of the materials for Planning Task 1. a. Describe how your planned formal and informal assessments provide direct evidence to monitor children’s multimodal learning throughout the learning segment. [The formal and informal assessments in the learning segments provided direct evident throughout the learning segments as I was able to incorporate relevant and meaningful assessments with my students. In the first lesson, students will be assessed through an observation during the anticipatory activity. I will use a Smart Presentation in this lesson and have the students determine which items have the greatest/least quantity. I will collect the data using my clipboard. In learning experience 2, students will, again, be observed. I will use a checklist ensuring students are able to read quantities from left to right as well as being able to recognize the three key vocabulary terms for this unit –Show MoreRelatedDevelopment Of A Child s Development829 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment from birth to 19 Introduction For each section of development it is crucial that there is a wide range of ‘normal’ as each child s’ progress is individual. There can also be a delay in development due to constitutional or genetic diseases. There are many things that may influence a child’s development such as; parents, carers and the child’s peer group. There are seven areas of child development : Physical Development Communicational Development Understanding The World NumeracyRead MoreChilds Real Time Referential Processing Development1480 Words   |  6 Pagesabilities in children in order to understand how processing works as well as what contributes to levels of efficiency. Some factors that effect proficiency of this ability includes exposure to infant-directed speech, onset of exposure to first language, socioeconomic status, as well as various individual differences such as language impairments and/or deafness. This paper strives to collect supporting ideas of what factors contribute to a child’s real time referential processing development. ExposureRead MoreEffects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Development1019 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact in children s development. The researches of Divorce and the impact on a child s development. Some of the e journals will explore and help us identify some the effects that harm children as they encounter their parental divorce. Numerous researchers have found that parental divorce is associated with a range of negative outcomes in young children. We will focus on prospective Analysis and explore the study more detailed. The effects of a person’s early relationship on their development throughRead MoreCase Study Of Speaking Volumes787 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowth rates of vocabulary components such as nouns, verbs and grammatical words, such as prepositions, in 34 French children aged 17 months to 42 months, and how the growth rate of these variables correlates with the growth rates of other variables. There are four goals of the study: the first is to investigate the dyna mics of vocabulary growth of the participant children; the second is to examine the pattern of grammatical growth; the third to compare the patterns of vocabulary growth and grammaticalRead MoreThe Learning Progression For Literacy1746 Words   |  7 Pagesparadigm of thinking of what range of skills serves as the foundation of literacy. Skilled readers need language development, conceptual knowledge base, and a broad vocabulary. Children must have sufficient decoding skills that are composed of smaller elements of speech known as phonological awareness and letter-sound correspondence. In addition, readers must have the ability to fluently and easily recognize these words. But to attain a high level of skills, young children need opportunities to developRead MoreThe Vocabulary Test By Kathleen T. Williams1362 Words   |  6 Pages Published in 2007 by Kathleen T. Williams, in conjunction with Pearson Assessment, the Expressive Vocabulary Test, Second Edition (EVT-2) is considered an individually administered, norm-referenced vocabulary assessment (Williams, 2007). The EVT-2 is the second edition of the original Expressive Vocabulary Test by Kathleen T. Williams. As the updated version of the original Expressive Vocabulary Test, the EVT-2 includes new features such as a â€Å"second, parallel form for examiners to test and retestRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injury ( Tbi )805 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurrences in children. These are bruises in the brain which occur when an impact to the head causes the brain to shake back and forth against the skull. Children, including preschoolers, toddlers, and even infants, often bruise or bump their heads from variety of methods, including motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls from heights (beds, stairs, etc.), and sport related impacts (Duhaime et al., 1992 ). Occasionally, these impacts can be hard enough and result in a TBI. Some children may also incurRead MorePervasive Development or Autistic Spectrum Disorders Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition of Pervasive Development Disorder: Any of a group of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence that are characterized by distortions in the development of the basic psychological functions such as language, social skills, attention, perception, reality testing, and movement. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder Pervasive developmental disorder was first used in the 1980’s to describe this class of neurological disorders that can impair social andRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student Struggling With Literacy Comprehension And Theories1597 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding; comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, and writing (Cohen, 2001). This case study will introduce a student struggling with literacy comprehension and theories to support the student’s case. Also included is an understanding for this issue and examples to help the student succeed. Developmental Theories Cognitive development refers to the student being able to understand the concepts and the ability to think with reason. While language motivates cognitive development, language complexity influencesRead MoreEarly Childhood And Child Development928 Words   |  4 Pagestextbook, I have realized that children early years are severely important because they provide the foundation for the rest of their life, as adolescent, and as adult. Children that are well nurtured can live well and be sociable. Early childhood is the most rapid period of development in a human life. A child creates their own sense of identity. Indeed, it is important for a child to have a sense of identity. Although individual children develop at their pace, all children progress through an identifiable

Social Networking Sites Impact On Education Media Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6888 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Social networking sites offer people new and varied ways to communicate via the internet, whether through their PC or their mobile phone. Examples include MySpace, Facebook and Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Networking Sites Impact On Education Media Essay" essay for you Create order Bebo. They allow people to easily and simply create their own online page or profile and to construct and display an online network of contacts, often called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"friendsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Users of these sites can communicate via their profile both with their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"friendsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and with people outside their list of contacts. The rapid growth of social networking sites in recent years indicates that they are now a mainstream communications technology for many people. Social networking sites are most popular with teenagers and young adults Research shows that just over one fifth (22%) of adult internet users aged 16+ and almost half (49%) of children aged 8-17 who use the internet have set up their own profile on a social networking site.4 For adults, the likelihood of setting up a profile is highest among 16-24 year olds (54%) and decreases with age. Some under-13s are by-passing the age restrictions on social networking sites Despite the fact that the minimum age for most major social networking sites is usually 13 (14 on MySpace), 27% of 8-11 year olds who are aware of social networking sites say that they have a profile on a site. While some of these younger users are on sites intended for younger children, the presence of underage users on social networking sites intended for those aged 13 or over was also confirmed by qualitative research . The average adult social networker has profiles on 1.6 sites, and most users check their profile at least every other day. Adult social networkers use a variety of sites, with the main ones being Bebo, Facebook and MySpace. It is common for adults to have a profile on more than one site on average each adult with a social networking page or profile has profiles on 1.6 sites, and 39% of adults have profiles on two or more sites. Half of all current adult social networkers say that they access their profiles at least every other day. The site people choose to use varies depending on the user. Children are more likely to use Bebo (63% of those who have a social networking site profile), and the most popular site for adults is Facebook (62% of those who have a social networking profile). Two-thirds of parents claim to set rules on their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of social networking sites, although only 53% of children said that their parents set such rules For many children, the rules and restrictions that their parents set on social networking site usage are an important influencing factor in the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of social networking sites. Two thirds of parents whose children have a social networking page say they set rules on their childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of these sites. Most commonly these concerned meeting new people online and giving out personal details. However, significantly fewer children (53% of those with social networking profiles) say that their parents set rules on their use of these sites. Attitudes and behaviours towards social networking sites Social networkers fall into distinct groups Social networkers differ in their attitudes to social networking sites and in their behaviour while using them. Qualitative research indicates that site users tend to fall into five distinct groups based on their behaviours and attitudes. These are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Alpha Socialisers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (a minority) people who used sites in intense short bursts to flirt, meet new people, and be entertained. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attention Seekers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (some) people who craved attention and comments from others, often by posting photos and customising their profiles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Followers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (many) people who joined sites to keep up with what their peers were doing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Faithfuls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (many) people who typically used social networking sites to rekindle old friendships, often from school or university. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Functionals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (a minority) people who tended to be single-minded in using sites for a particular purpose. Non-users of social networking sites also fall into distinct groups Non-users also appear to fall into distinct groups; these groups are based on their reasons for not using social networking sites: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Concerned about safety à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" people concerned about safety online, in particular making personal details available online. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Technically inexperienced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" people who lack confidence in using the internet and computers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intellectual rejecters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" people who have no interest in social networking sites and see them as a waste of time. Introduction INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Social Networking sites- Overview A  social network service  focuses on building and reflecting of  social networks  or  social relations  among people, e.g., who share interests and/or activities. A social network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are  web based  and provide means for users to interact over the  internet, such as  e-mail  and  instant messaging. Although  online community  services are sometimes considered as a social network service in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-catered service whereas  online community  services are group-centred. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. The main types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school-year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages) and a recommendation system linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, with  Facebook,  Bebo  and  Twitter  widely used worldwide;  MySpace  and  LinkedIn  being the most widely used in North America;[1]HYPERLINK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NexopiaNexopia  (mostly in Canada);[2]  Bebo,[3]  Hi5,  Hyves  (mostly in The Netherlands),  StudiVZ  (mostly in Germany),  iWiW  (mostly in Hungary),Tuenti  (mostly in Spain),  Decayenne,  Tagged,  XING;[4],  BadooHYPERLINK #cite_note-4[5]  and  Skyrock  in parts of Europe;[6]  Orkut  and  Hi5  in  South America  a ndCentral America;[7]  and  Friendster,  Mixi,  Multiply,  Orkut,  Wretch,  renren  and  Cyworld  in Asia and the Pacific Islands and  Orkut  and  Facebookin India. There have been some attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests (see the  FOAFstandard and the  Open Source Initiative ), but this has led to some concerns about privacy. Although some of the largest social networks were founded on the notion of digitizing real world connections, many other networks as seen in the  List of social networking websites  focus on categories from books and music to non-profit business to motherhood as ways to provide both services and community to individuals with shared interests. Typical structure In general, social networking services allow users to create a profile for themselves, and can be broken down into two broad categories: internal social networking (ISN) and external social networking (ESN) sites such as  MySpace,  Facebook,  Twitter  and  Bebo. Both types can increase the feeling of community among people. An ISN is a closed/private community that consists of a group of people within a company, association, society, education provider and organization or even an invite only group created by a user in an ESN. An ESN is open/public and available to all web users to communicate and are designed to attract advertisers. ESNs can be smaller specialized communities (i.e. linked by a single common interest e.g. TheSocialGolfer, ACountryLife.Com, Great Cooks Community) or they can be large generic social networking sites (e.g. MySpace, Facebook etc). However, whether specialized or generic there is commonality across the general approach of social networking sites. Users can upload a picture of themselves, create their profile and can often be friends with other users. In most social networking services, both users must confirm that they are friends before they are linked. For example, if  Alice  lists Bob as a friend, then Bob would have to approve Alices friend request before they are listed as friends. Some social networking sites have a favorites feature that does not need approval from the other user. Social networks usually have privacy controls that allows the user to choose who can view their profile or contact them, etc. Social networking sites typically have a section dedicated to comments by friends. On Friendster, this section is called Testimonials. On Facebook, this section is called The Wall. In the beginning, this was a feature that encouraged people to write messages about the person in the profile. But over time, people started writing creative testimonials back, creating a form of conversation.[32] Some social networking sites are created for the benefits of others, such as parents social networking site Gurgle. This website is for parents to talk about pregnancy, birth and bringing up children. .com. This social network allows professionals to exchange information, opportunities, and ideas. Professionals are able to stay informed with new knowledge about their field Some social networks have additional features, such as the ability to create  groups  that share common interests or affiliations, upload or stream live videos, and hold discussions in forums.  Geo social networking co-opts internet mapping services to organize user participation around geographic features and their attributes. There is also a trend for more  interoperability between social networks  led by technologies such as  OpenID  and  Open Social. Lately, mobile social networking has become popular. In most mobile communities, mobile phone users can now create their own profiles, make friends, participate in chat rooms, create chat rooms, hold private conversations, share photos and videos, and share blogs by using their mobile phone. Mobile phone users are basically open to every option that someone sitting on the computer has. Some companies provide wireless services which allow their customers to build their own mobile community and brand it, but one of the most popular wireless services for social networking in North America is Facebook Mobile. Other companies provide new innovative features which extend the social networking experience into the real world. Another social networking feature in a professional aspect is LinkedIn. Emerging trends in social networks As the increase in popularity of social networking is on a constant rise, new uses for the technology are constantly being observed. At the forefront of emerging trends in social networking sites is the concept of real time and location based. Real time allows users to contribute content, which is then broadcasted as it is being uploaded the concept is similar to live television broadcasts.   Twitter  set the trend for real time services, where users can broadcast to the world what they are doing, or what is on their minds within a 140 character limit.  Facebook  followed suit with their Live Feed where users activities are streamed as soon as it happens. While Twitter focuses on words,  Clixtr, another real time service, focuses on group photo sharing where users can update their photo streams with photos while at an event. Friends and nearby users can contribute their own photos and comments to that event stream, thus contributing to the real time aspect of broadcasting photos and comments as it is being uploaded. In the location based social networking space,  Foursqua re  gained popularity as it allowed for users to check-in to places that they are frequenting at that moment.  Gowalla  is another such service which functions in much the same way that Foursquare does, leveraging the  GPS  in phones to create a location based user experience. Clixtr, though in the real time space, is also a location based social networking site since events created by users are automatically geotagged, and users can view events occurring nearby through the Clixtr  iPhone  app. Recently,Yelp  announced its entrance into the location based social networking space through check-ins with their mobile app; whether or not this becomes detrimental to Foursquare or Gowalla is yet to be seen as it is still considered a new space in the internet technology industry.[35] One popular use for this new technology is social networking between businesses. Companies have found that social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are great ways to build their brand image. According to Jody Nimetz, author of Marketing Jive[36], there are five major uses for businesses and social media: to create brand awareness, as an online reputation management tool, for recruiting, to learn about new technologies and competitors, and as a lead gen tool to intercept potential prospects.[36]. These companies are able to drive traffic to their own online sites while encouraging their consumers and clients to have discussions on how to improve or change products or services. One other use that is being discussed is the use of Social Networks in the Science communities. Julia Porter Liebeskind et al. have published a study on how New Biotechnology Firms are using social networking sites to share exchanges in scientific knowledge.  They state in their study that by sharing information and knowledge with one another, they are able to increase both their learning and their flexibility in ways that would not be possible within a self-contained hierarchical organization. Social networking is allowing scientific groups to expand their knowledge base and share ideas, and without these new means of communicating their theories might become isolated and irrelevant. Social networks are also being used by teachers and students as a communication tool. Because many students are already using a wide-range of social networking sites, teachers have begun to familiarize themselves with this trend and are now using it to their advantage. Teachers and professors are doing everything from creating chat-room forums and groups to extend classroom discussion to posting assignments, tests and quizzes, to assisting with homework outside of the classroom setting. Social networks are also being used to foster teacher-parent communication. These sites make it possible and more convenient for parents to ask questions and voice concerns without having to meet face-to-face. Social networks are being used by activists as a means of low-cost grassroots organizing. Extensive use of an array of social networking sites enabled organizers of the 2009  National Equality March  to mobilize an estimated 200,000 participants to march on Washington with a cost savings of up to 85% per participant over previous methods.[38] The  use of online social networks by libraries  is also an increasingly prevelant and growing tool that is being used to communicate with more potential library users, as well as extending the services provided by individual libraries Issues Privacy On large social networking services, there have been growing concerns about users giving out too much personal information and the threat of  sexual predators. Users of these services also need to be aware of  data theft  or  viruses. However, large services, such as  MySpace  and  Netlog, often work with law enforcement to try to prevent such incidents.[citation needed] In addition, there is a perceived privacy threat in relation to placing too much personal information in the hands of large corporations or governmental bodies, allowing a profile to be produced on an individuals behaviour on which decisions, detrimental to an individual, may be taken. Furthermore, there is an issue over the control of dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ information that was altered or removed by the user may in fact be retained and/or passed to 3rd parties. This danger was highlighted when the controversial social networking site  Quechup  harvested e-mail addresses from users e-mail accounts for use in a  spamming  operation.[43] In medical and scientific research, asking subjects for information about their behaviors is normally strictly scrutinized by  institutional review boards, for example, to ensure that adolescents and their parents have  informed consent. It is not clear whether the same rules apply to researchers who collect data from social networking sites. These sites often contain a great deal of data that is hard to obtain via traditional means. Even though the data are public, republishing it in a research paper might be considered  invasion of privacy.[44] Privacy on Facebook is undermined by three principal factors: users disclose too much, Facebook does not take adequate steps to protect user privacy, and third parties are actively seeking out end-user information using Facebook. Every day teens go on social networking sites and reveal their most inner thoughts for the whole world to see. Information such as street address, phone number, Instant Messaging name are disclosed to an unknown population in cyberspace. Whats more, the creation of a Facebook, MySpace, Twitter etc. account is a fairly easy process to do and no identification is required, which can lead to identity theft or impersonation. For the Net generation, social networking sites have become the preferred forum for social interactions, from posturing and role playing to simply sounding off. However, because such forums are relatively easy to access, posted content can be reviewed by anyone with an interest in the users personal information. There has been a trend for social networking sites to send out only positive notifications to users. For example sites such as Bebo, Facebook, and Myspace will not send notifications to users when they are removed from a persons friends list. Similarly Bebo will send out a notification if a user is moved to the top of another users friends list but no notification is sent if they are moved down the list. This allows users to purge undesirables from their list extremely easily and often without confrontation since a user will rarely notice if one person disappears from their friends list. It also enforces the general positive atmosphere of the website without drawing attention to unpleasant happenings such as friends falling out, rejection and failed relationships. Many social networking services, such as Facebook, provide the user with a choice of who can view their profile. This prevents unauthorized user(s) from accessing their information.[49]Parents have become a big problem to teens who want to avoid their parents to access their MySpace or Facebook accounts. By choosing to make their profile private, teens are able to select who can see their page and this prevents unwanted parents from lurking. This will also mean that only people who are added as friends will be able to view the profile. Teens are constantly trying to create a structural barrier between their private life and their parent A common misuse of social networking sites such as Facebook is that it is occasionally used to emotionally abuse individuals. Such actions are often referred to as trolling. It is not rare for confrontations in the real world to be translated online. Online bullying (aka Cyber-bullying) is a relatively common occurrence and it can often result in emotional trauma for the victim. Depending on the networking outlet, up to 39% of users admit to being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cyber-bulliedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[54]  danah boyd, a researcher of social networks quotes a teenager in her article, Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites. The teenager expresses frustration towards networking sites like MySpace because it causes drama and too much emotional stress.[55]  There are not many limitations as to what individuals can post when online. Inherently individuals are given the power to post offensive remarks or pictures that could potentially cause a great amount of emotional pain for another in dividual. Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication has been a growing issue as more and more people have turned to social networking as a means of communication.Benniger (1987) describes how mass media has gradually replaced interpersonal communication as a socializing force. Further, social networking sites have become popular sites for youth culture to explore themselves, relationships, and share cultural artefacts. Many teens and social networking users may be harming their interpersonal communication by using sites such as Facebook and MySpace. Stated by Baroness Greenfield, an Oxford University Neuroscientist, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“My fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who are attracted by buzzing noises and bright lights, who have a small attention span and who live for the moment It is not unusual if you often hear your siblings or your friends talk about the people they have met and made friends with through the Internet as social networking is one of the phenomena that have taken the world of Internet by storm. Almost every Web surfer has an account in at least one of the  social networking sites, for these sites are the more enjoyable places to hang around in. Pros: Social networking sites  have paved the way for easier communication to your friends, family, or colleagues. One example is that instead of meeting in a certain place, you and your classmates could discuss a school activity by having a conference in a certain site that you are all members of, thus saving you time and effort. Virtual communities are also formed, which are composed of people connected together by common interests, purpose, and goal. People of different races also get to mingle with each other in just a few clicks. The idea of socializing with millions of people of different backgrounds excites the Web surfers. This is one thing that you can hardly do outside the virtual world. Communication with distant family and friends. Meet new people, be creative, and be yourself It entertains you when youre bored Social networking  websites  are a great way of keeping in touch with family and  friends. You can post blogs, share photos, use instant messaging (Myspace has its own instant messaging service), make comments and add people to your friends list. Social  networkingHYPERLINK https://www.blurtit.com/q430795.html  HYPERLINK https://www.blurtit.com/q430795.htmlsites  allow you to create a profile, where you can share your interests with other users and also, you can make new friends. These type of sites, Myspace in particular, are also used people such as bands or authors to build up friends in order to generate interest in their music and books Cons: Social networking sites require or give you the option to provide personal information such as your name, location, and email address. Unfortunately some people can take this as an opportunity for identity theft. They can copy your information and pretend to be you when engaging in illegal activities. Bad news! So be cautious with what you enter into an online networking site. You could fall into the trap of someone who pretends to be somebody else. For example, they might offer you a job or want to meet up with you just to get your money. This can lead to cyberstalking, where the stalker uses electronic media such as the Internet to pursue or harass you. there is also the chance of peoples profiles being hacked or identities being stolen   Another downside is that sites such as Myspace, which allow users to add their own background, are often very slow due to backgrounds taking up a lot of memory. This has led to users  computers  crashing every time they got onto a profile which uses up a lot of memory. Also, because these types of sites have millions of users, errors can often occur. It hampers the students the most. Students waste a lot of time on the social networking sites. This disturbs their education. It distracts you from your work that is needed to be done. Social Networking-Stats and figures The way we communicate online has gone through a sea-change over last few years. In fact, majority of net users spend most of their time on social Media / Networking sites. Even though  India Software companies are lagging behind  in adoption of social media, others are flocking them in large numbers. Twitter has been a rage over past 1 year, Facebook has become one of the most visited sites on the web, Professionals are flocking Linkedin and keep their profiles updated. Facebook  claims  that 50% of active users log into the site each day. This would mean  at least 175m users every 24 hours. Twitter  now has  75m user accounts, but only around 15m are active users on a regular basis. LinkedIn  has over  50m members worldwide.. Facebook currently has in excess of  350 million active users on global basis.Six months ago, this was 250mÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦This means over 40% growth in less than 6 months. Flickr now hosts more than  4 billion images. More than 35m Facebook users update their status each day.   Wikipedia  currently  has in excess of  14m articles, meaning that itÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s 85,000 contributors have written nearly a million new posts in six months. Photo uploads to Facebook have  increased by more than 100%.  Currently, there are around  2.5bn  uploads to the site each month. Back in 2009, the average user had 120 friends within Facebook. This is now around 130. Mobile is even bigger than before for Facebook, with  more than  65m users accessing the site through mobile-based devices.  In six months, this is over 100% increase. There are more than  3.5bn pieces of content  (web links, news stories, blog posts, etc.) shared each week on Facebook. There are now  11m LinkedIn users across Europe. Towards the  end of last year, the average number of tweets per day was over27.3 million. The average number of tweets per hour was around  1.3m. 15% of bloggers spend  10 or more  hours each week blogging, according to Technoratià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new  State of the Blogosphere. At the current rate, Twitter will process almost  10 billion  tweets in a single year. About 70% of Facebook users are outside the USA. India is currently the fastest-growing country to use LinkedIn, with around 3m total users. More than 250 Facebook applications have over a  million  combined users each month. 70%  of bloggers are organically talking about brands on their blog. 38% of bloggers post brand or product reviews. More than  80,000  websites have implemented Facebook Connect since December 2008 and more than  60m  Facebook users engage with it across these external sites Top Social Networking sites in India 2010 Orkut.com Facebook.com Twitter Bharatstudent.com hi5.com ibibo.Com MySpace Sites LinkedIn.com PerfSpot.com BIGADDA.com Fropper.com friendster Literature Review Literature review Social Networking in Education BY Geetha Krishnana Overall, an astonishing 96 percent of students with online access report that they ever used any social networking technologies, such as chatting, text messaging, blogging and visiting online communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Staggering as the 96 percent statistic is, it is intriguing to wonder what the other 4 percent is doing. Just e-mail and web surfing?Further, students report that one of the most common topics of conversation on the social networking scene is education. Almost 60 percent of students who use social networking talk about education topics online and, surprisingly, more than 50 percent talk specifically about schoolwork.Tempting as this statistic might sound to champions of the social-networking-for-education cause, it may be worth considering that most of the discussions that people have on education could be to do with help on homework and troublesome topics, classical problems that would otherwise get discussed in the college canteen perhaps.  It may not mean a ne w avenue for learning something new à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it is just a new medium to get problems shared and solved. That is not to say it is not a good thing, but it may not be much more than that.Nonconformistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ students who step outside of online safety and behavior rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ are on the cutting edge of social networking, with online behaviors and skills that indicate leadership among their peers. The report offers some recommendations for school board members as well. Explore social networking sites.  This is an important recommendation because most often we tend to condemn something without really understanding it. Consider social networking for staff communication and professional development.  This could well help achieve the previous point as well. It will also serve to integrate students and staff in the networking space. Find ways of harnessing the educational value of social networking.  This is a seemingly motherhood statement, but it could be worthwhile for teachers to consciously think of projects and assignments to be executed through networking approaches. Ensure equitable access.  An obvious point, strengthen the access mechanisms for students to technology. Pay attention to nonconformists.  This has already been touched on earlier in this post. Re examine social networking policies.  Another obvious point, come at social networking as an integral component of the education process, not as a diversion. Facebook Impact on Student Grades Raises New Questions for Business BY Lawrence Walsh An Ohio State University study links Facebook use to lower grades. The study comes as businesses worry about the impact of social networking tools on worker productivity, integrity of their intellectual property and data security. Security vendors such as Websense, Fortinet and Trend Micro release new tools to combat embedded threats in social networks.As enterprises grapple with whether social networking creates security risks and productivity losses, a new study from the Ohio State University suggests there is a link between the use of Facebook and lower grades among college students.According to the survey of 219 students, those who said they use Facebook have grade point averages between 3.0 and 3.5 and study 1 to 5 hours per week. Conversely, non-Facebook users have GPAs between 3.5 and 4.0, and study 11 hours or more per week.The study found that 79 percent of Facebook users believe that it has no impact on their academic performance. Research methodology Research methodology Problem Definition In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s era, education is seriously getting hampered through these social networking sites. In the name of connectivity, students and teens are actually wasting a huge amount of time in facebooking and orkuting. The sufferer is none other than them, and the worst part is that they do not even realise it. 80% of the teens and students in India have atleast one active account in either facebook or orkut. So the need of the hour is to find out whether these social networking sites are useful or is it a mere waste of time. Hence, the research objective is to find the factors that motivates the students to open an account in the social networking sites and thus wasting time. Research Objectives 1)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  To find out whether Social networking sites are a threat or a helping hand for education 2)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  To find out the reasons that compel the students to join the networking chain   3) To find out ways by  which the social media can be used constructively in the field of education Research Methodology The research design that will be used would be exploratory research and then a descriptive research. During the first week of interacting with the students who engage themselves with social networking sites sufficient information will be gathered so as to discuss which factors motivates them to create their account in social networking sites. The discussion shall be general and therefore would help in gaining insight into what would be the most important factors to focus on. Through the following weeks data would be collected through framed questionnaire so as to allow quantification of the result. Research Design:- exploratory research and descriptive research Research approach:- secondary research (books, research papers) and primary research (questionnaire) Sources Of Data:- secondary(web, library, company projects) primary (questionnaire) Sampling:- Stratified (urban, educated) Sample Size:- 100 approx Data Analysis:- qualitative analysis of exploratory research data and Quantitative research on data obtained through the questionnaire. Analysis Analysis AGE: The survey was stratified. Aimed at the urban youth, it is comprised of young/ medium adults whose opinions comprise the result of this questionnaire. 97% of the representatives are from the age group of 20-30 1% belongs to below the age of 20 1% belongs to above the age of30 Number of years they have been using Internet: Number of hours that you spend on social networking sites ( Facebook , orkut) on a daily basis: X axis: Number of hours Y axis: Number of people Motivation to use Internet: Favourite Social Networking site: Reason for visiting Social networking sites: What do the students look for over the Internet: Data regarding whether or not they use Facebook/Orkut to share educational information and articles: Data regarding whether or not chatting and getting connected is the most vital thing in Facebook as perceived by the students: Data regarding whether or not Socail networking sites plays a major role in education: Data supporting whether or not social networking sites is in general used for educational purpose: Data supporting whether or not the students would continue using Social Networking Sites if the entertainment part of it (Games, sharing pics and videos) is disabled: Findings and interpretation, Recommendations Findings: Factors influencing opening an account on facebook/Orkut/Hi5/Twitter: personal sharing (pictures, videos and events) 88% agree 12% disagree sharing your opinion on different matters and subjects 85% agree 15 % disagree Education related activities 25% agree 75% disagree online gaming 70% agree 30% disagree connectivity with celebrities 67% agree 33% disagree connectivity with your friends 90% agree 10% disagree show -off 47% agree 53% disagree Sharing opinions 85% agree 15% disagree Factors affecting the motivation to click social networking sites *There are many factors which drives you to click the link over the Internet. Tell us how important these factors are for you. (1 being the least important factor and 5 being the most important factor) 1 Least Important 5 Most Important The content is attractive (colour, design, models, font etc) 40% important 60% not important The urge of getting entertained motivates me the most 80% important 20% not important The urge to educate myself on different important issues 45% important 55% not important The urge to get connected with long and short distance friends 90% important 10% not important The urge to stay connected with celebrities 67% important 33% not important The urge to follow with the corporate professionals 57% important 43% not important The urge to view meaningful and education related videos 50% important 50% not important Findings Students mostly join in social networking medias to get connected with their peers and exchange pictures and videos. This serves as a great tool to stay in touch and is cost effective as well. This also acts as a platform that helps in exchanging ideas and information, new movie releases, verdicts. People enjoy reading these and they equally enjoy commenting on it. They find it very cool and hip to interact with long distance friends. Students of all ages have started opening an account on Facebook and Orkut because they feel that it is something which can help them create their own identity and flaunt it. They love to put their pictures so that their peers can comment on it. Essentially it is a matter of show off for them which gives them a chance to flaunt their talent and looks. The main and the most important reason for people to join such sites is entertainment. Social networking sites have of late become a very important and cheap source of entertainment. The very idea of staying connected to celebrities through Twitter motivates many young students to have an account on such sites. Some students access Facebook not only from their lap top, but also through their mobile phones. This shows the kind of addiction they have with Facebook. Even if they are browsing some other sites for educational information still they make sure that their Facebook home page is opened and very much active. They do not want to miss the happenings going on in their friends life. The most popular site among all the social networking channels is undoubtedly Facebook, it has become an addiction and the students just love to update their profile, status, videos on this site. Orkut is only second to facebook, although the majority of people have their accounts open in both facebook and orkut, still the number of active users for facebook is comparatively higher. Along with updates and status messages facebook also provides sheer entertainment through online games. Farmville and Mafia wars are the two most popular games being played. There are many times when people log into facebook just to play Farmville and win the race. If the entertainment part of these sites are disables then around 80% of the active users will quit facebook and jump to some other site that would provide them with full entertainment. Not many people think that facebook can be utilised in education. Even if it is utilised by a few for the purpose of education, still not many will like it. The core function of Facebook/orkut is full on entertainment and it should remain that way. They are of the opinion that such sites provides a platform where in they can freely update about their thinking and have a proper say of their own. They do not want any sort of interference. RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS: The power of social media has just scratched the surface. Most believe its use in higher education is controversial, but what if we started thinking outside the box? Individuals use sites such as Digg.com to rate other Web sites, and product reviews on Amazon.com. What if we opened up courses for student reviews on our site? New students would be able to view reviews on classes when trying to make their selections, especially for general education courses. Courses with great reviews will likely receive higher enrolments, without any additional cost to market these classes. Administrators would likely worry about the classes that would receive poor reviews à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but whether you enable this feature or not, these conversations are happening elsewhere, likely on sites you have no control over. Social media offers advancement professionals a great opportunity for keeping in touch with alumni after they graduate. Facebook is one of the more popular tools they are now using to keep in touch with recent alumni. Alumni that are more in touch with their alma mater, and individuals there, are more apt to be future donors to the college. Social media gives us the opportunity to humanize stories of students and alumni of the institutions, which can create loyalty and earn future business (students), and ultimately their respect. Educators have the responsibility to scaffold learning and take students from what they already know to higher levels of critical thinking. In addition, todays students are using social networks already to connect and communicate. Students need guidance, however, to learn how to use these Web 2.0 tools to collaborate, create, share ideas, and learn. Current technologies in the social network arena should prompt educators to ask just which aspects of social interaction can facilitate learning. The idea of online collaboration or an online community is principally topic driven, such as an online forum, discussion group, or bulletin board. Oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s participation is required on the question or discussion at hand, and existed in a relatively tight-knit world. Conclusion Social networking sites are not a replacement for learning management systems. The unique social constructs given by social networks has instructional potential. They should be an adjunct to other tools. While learners will continue to use the environments they find most engaging and useful, institutions need to be careful that they do not lose the opportunity to track what students are doing. So arguably nothing can substitute the traditional form of learning. But with the advent of social networking sites, all attempts must be made to help the students make the best use of their time and energy by learning constructively through these social networking sites. You tube and Twitter if used in the right way can help the students achieve management excellence. At the end of the day it entirely depends on the individual regarding how he/she perceives the usage of social networking channels. One can use it for educational purpose while the other can use it for sheer entertainment. Of course all attempts should be made by these sites to encourage creative thinking and lateral education. Lastly it is we students who can make the very best use of any given resource. To either exploit it positively or negatively is a pure individual decision which has to be respected at the end of the day. Facebook has great potential for education purposes, many Schools and Universities already have a Facebook Page for themselves. MySpace is not only losing ground with the general population in terms of the number of active users, but ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also not popularly used in higher education. YouTube has enormous capabilities and potential. This is an area where one can really see a lot of ROI with no real post-production costs and an infinite audience (vs. creating CDs/DVDs, paying for postage to mail, distributing at fairs, etc.). Higher education hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t quite found the right niche for Twitter yet. It has great potential in the future, and there are a few ideas floating out there that may take off in the coming months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it will be interesting to see how this plays out. References Campbell, D. (2008). Reaching Students Where They Live. BizEd. 7: 60-61. Cavazza, F. (2008). Social Media Landscape. Retrieved July 30, 2008, from http:[emailprotected]/* *//2564571564/ https://www.fredcavazza.net/2008/06/09/social-media-landscape/. Cheater, M. (2008). How Higher Ed is Using Facebook Pages. Retrieved August 6, 2008, from https://www.academicagroup.com/node/4598. Consortium, T. N. M. (2007). Social Networking, The Third Place, and The Evolution of Communication. The New Media Consortium. eMarketer.com. (2008). Student Noses Buried in Facebooks. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from https://www.emarketer.com/Articles/Print.aspx?id=1005972. Facebook. (2007). Facebook Privacy Policy. Retrieved August 6, 2008, from https://www.facebook.com/policy.php. Falls, J. (2008). Social Media in Two Words or Less. Retrieved August 6, 2008, from https://www. Retrieved August 7, 2008, from https://www.lostartofblogging.com/twitter-guide. Qualman, E. (2007). Social Search Engine Face-off: Facebook vs. MySpace. SearchEngineWatch.com Retrieved August 6, 2008, from https://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=3627975. Read, B. and J. R. Young (2006). Facebook and Other Social-Networking Sites Raise Questions for Administrators. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 52: A29. Reuben, R. (2008). Survey about the use of social media in higher education. (see attached).

Nuclear Energy Free Essays

Nuclear Energy is defined as the energy  that is released  when atomic nuclei either split or fuse. After a careful consideration of the amount of conventional fuels available and their consumption, it becomes very clear that nuclear energy will be used predominantly in the future. Moreover, it offers an attractive alternative to the conventional fuels that generally contribute to global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now   In comparison to fossil fuels and hydroelectric power, nuclear energy provides a safer and cleaner option. Moreover, the quantity of uranium, which is used as nuclear fuel, is much more abundant than fossil fuels (Miller, 2004). Another advantage in using nuclear energy is that it is comparatively cheaper and environmentally safe, because the waste matter from such fuel is safely stored. In the United States of America, each and every nuclear power plant is controlled by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Moreover, these nuclear facilities have to strictly adhere to the safety standards set by this regulatory body (Cabreza). A very important benefit of nuclear energy lies in the fact that it drastically reduces dependence on oil imports. Furthermore, this source of energy requires a lot of personnel, which helps to decrease unemployment. Nuclear energy is not only very efficient but also cost-effective, due to the minimal variance in the price of uranium, the optimal performance and frequent modernization of nuclear power plants. At present, a fifth of the total electricity needs of the U.S are catered to by nuclear (Cabreza). In comparison to nuclear energy, coal the conventional source of energy is much more dangerous. Coal releases a number of pollutants and carcinogens when burned. Further, the annual casualties amongst coal miners, due to accidents, are around a hundred. Nuclear power is far safer in comparison to coal or hydropower (Miller, 2004).  The nuclear fuel used in nuclear reactors is Uranium-235 and the mechanism by which nuclear fission energy is released is given by the equation:  10n + 235 92U — 9236Kr + 14156 Ba +200 MeV+ 3 1 0n (3-3: Nuclear Fission). Uranium-235 releases 3.7 million times the amount of energy that coal can release. Due to the use of nuclear energy, two and a half billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions are not released into the atmosphere every year (Why use Nuclear Power?, 2006). In view of the above facts, it is imperative for the world to adopt nuclear energy for all their energy requirements. Nuclear power is clean, cost-effective, reliable and safe power. No major nuclear accidents have taken place in the U.S.   In its entire history, only a single accident took place in 1979. In that incident there was a partial reactor core meltdown at Three Mile Island (Accident of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant). However, this accident served to illustrate the effectiveness of the various safety measures that had been adopted in nuclear power plants. Radiation from the core of the reactor could not come out of the reactor due to the highly effective walls and no member of the public or personnel of the facility sustained even an injury.  Moreover, with the amount of subsequent research that was conducted after this accident, the possibility of the recurrence of such an incident is very remote. Considerable attention has been paid to recycling spent fuel and thereby reducing the amount of nuclear waste. In view of these facts the day is not far off when nuclear fuel will completely replace fossil fuels. References Why use Nuclear Power? (2006, October 22). Retrieved May 3, 2007, from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist: http://www.nucleartourist.com/basics/reasons1.htm How to cite Nuclear Energy, Essay examples Nuclear Energy Free Essays As the need for electricity increases through time, it’s important to find options for future complications. Nuclear power has both negative and positive attributes in producing electrical energy. Despite the negative, I believe it’s a good choice to make for when we can no longer depend on other sources such as natural gas because it is cheaper and more â€Å"green†. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, there are other sources that could also be considered such as wind power, solar power, or coal. In my opinion, these are not as superior as nuclear power for several reasons. As global warming becomes a bigger concern, options such as natural gas and coal are eliminated because of environmental hazards. This leaves wind power, solar power, and nuclear power. Wind power and solar power are not bad options. In fact, they are probably the smartest and most â€Å"green† inventions for producing electricity. Like most things, however, they have a few flaws. For example, in a CNBC news article, â€Å"Primer: Nuclear Power† it stated that wind power and solar power produces the least amount of energy for the highest price. Another article, â€Å"Nuclear Power is Nuclear† said wind power is not only expensive but also dangerous to birds. The article said a proximately 75,000- 250,000 birds die each year by crashing into the spinning generator! With knowing that both wind power and solar power are cost-defective and knowing that coal and natural gas is harmful to the environment, what makes nuclear energy so great? Well, from an economic standpoint, nuclear energy is the cheapest to produce and produces the most. Nuclear plants now produce electricity for 1. 76 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared to 2. 47 cents for coal or 6. 78 cents for natural gas. † (Primer: Nuclear Power). As for the environment and people, it is a very safe process (in most cases) and does not produce global warming. Some people, like me, might have corresponded nuclear weapons to nuclear energy, which might have put you to look at nuclear energy from a negative perspective. But knowing and understanding how it works, shows that it is safer then you may expect. However, if an accident would occur it wouldn’t be very good because of radiation poisoning that could spread and can cause a lot of cancers and other defects and diseases. Although the chances of this happening are very small and hopefully through time safety will progress. With these facts and statistics, nuclear power shows a cleaner and cheaper way for producing electricity in the future. With nuclear energy only being 20% of our power, hopefully nuclear plants would increase as well as their safety. How to cite Nuclear Energy, Papers Nuclear Energy Free Essays Nuclear Energy is defined as the energy  that is released  when atomic nuclei either split or fuse. After a careful consideration of the amount of conventional fuels available and their consumption, it becomes very clear that nuclear energy will be used predominantly in the future. Moreover, it offers an attractive alternative to the conventional fuels that generally contribute to global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In comparison to fossil fuels and hydroelectric power, nuclear energy provides a safer and cleaner option. Moreover, the quantity of uranium, which is used as nuclear fuel, is much more abundant than fossil fuels (Miller, 2004). Another advantage in using nuclear energy is that it is comparatively cheaper and environmentally safe, because the waste matter from such fuel is safely stored. In the United States of America, each and every nuclear power plant is controlled by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Moreover, these nuclear facilities have to strictly adhere to the safety standards set by this regulatory body (Cabreza). A very important benefit of nuclear energy lies in the fact that it drastically reduces dependence on oil imports. Furthermore, this source of energy requires a lot of personnel, which helps to decrease unemployment. Nuclear energy is not only very efficient but also cost-effective, due to the minimal variance in the price of uranium, the optimal performance and frequent modernization of nuclear power plants. At present, a fifth of the total electricity needs of the U.S are catered to by nuclear (Cabreza). In comparison to nuclear energy, coal the conventional source of energy is much more dangerous. Coal releases a number of pollutants and carcinogens when burned. Further, the annual casualties amongst coal miners, due to accidents, are around a hundred. Nuclear power is far safer in comparison to coal or hydropower (Miller, 2004). The nuclear fuel used in nuclear reactors is Uranium-235 and the mechanism by which nuclear fission energy is released is given by the equation:   10n + 235 92U — 9236Kr + 14156 Ba +200 MeV+ 3 1 0n (3-3: Nuclear Fission). Uranium-235 releases 3.7 million times the amount of energy that coal can release. Due to the use of nuclear energy, two and a half billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions are not released into the atmosphere every year (Why use Nuclear Power?, 2006). In view of the above facts, it is imperative for the world to adopt nuclear energy for all their energy requirements. Nuclear power is clean, cost-effective, reliable and safe power. No major nuclear accidents have taken place in the U.S.   In its entire history, only a single accident took place in 1979. In that incident there was a partial reactor core meltdown at Three Mile Island (Accident of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant). However, this accident served to illustrate the effectiveness of the various safety measures that had been adopted in nuclear power plants. Radiation from the core of the reactor could not come out of the reactor due to the highly effective walls and no member of the public or personnel of the facility sustained even an injury. Moreover, with the amount of subsequent research that was conducted after this accident, the possibility of the recurrence of such an incident is very remote. Considerable attention has been paid to recycling spent fuel and thereby reducing the amount of nuclear waste. In view of these facts the day is not far off when nuclear fuel will completely replace fossil fuels. References 3-3: Nuclear Fission. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2007, from http://www2.kutl.kyushu-u.ac.jp/seminar/MicroWorld3_E/3Part3_E/3P33_E/nuclear_fission_E.htm Accident of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2007, from http://www.npp.hu/tortenelem/balesetek2-e.htm Cabreza, N. M. (n.d.). Nuclear Power VS. Other Sources of Power. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/ne161/ncabreza/sources.html Miller, J. D. (2004, April 14). Advantages of Nuclear Power. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from LewRockwell.com: http://www.lewrockwell.com/miller/miller13.html Why use Nuclear Power? (2006, October 22). Retrieved May 3, 2007, from The Virtual Nuclear Tourist: http://www.nucleartourist.com/basics/reasons1.htm How to cite Nuclear Energy, Essay examples

Accounting Theory and Practice Research

Question: Write about theAccounting Theory and Practicefor Research. Answer: Bhp and Vale Edge Closer To $47.5 Billion Samarco Dam Disaster Settlement BHP Billiton and Vale entered into a joint venture with Samarco for the purpose of building a dam. They initiated a preliminary agreement stating the process and timeline for settling the litigation in case of any mishappening. The dam felled injuring 16 people and 19 deaths including environmental damage. Further the agreement gives relief to companies by providing $US 675 million to recover losses. Samarco shall require numerous approvals to further carry on any activity. The case acquittal shall be declared on June 30, 2017 (Evlin, 2017). Accounting Theory The legitimacy theory states that the company shall understand its corporate social and environmental responsibility and disclose the mandatory information required by the public. The company shall understand the value of rules and norm made by the government and shall comply it accordingly. Suchman explained this theory as, Legitimacy is a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions. In case the company fails to act according to the social expectations then the company shall be restricted from doing its business activities until and unless the company itself provides justification through its social actions for the betterment of environment (Belal, 2008). Analysis As the legitimacy theory states that the organization shall disclose its environmental as well as social information in order to legitimate their legitimacy. It shall also take concrete actions with respect of the social guidelines (Bebbington, Larrinaga-Gonzlez Moneva-Abada, 2008). In the given case of BHP and Vale, the joint venture of BHP and Vale with Samarco didnt work well occurring in a dam disaster and leaving 19 people dead and 16 injured. As per the information disclosed by the organization about preliminary agreement, the companies shall provide initial security of USD 675 as remedy for affected areas. And the litigation defines the company Samarco shall be suspended for damaging the environment and shall further carry on its action with the approval of government only. According to the analysis, the article totally relates to the legitimate theory as the article talks about the disaster occurred in Brazil and remedial measures taken by the organizations and government to resolve the issue (McWilliams, Siegel, 2001). Further adding to it, the theory defines that the organizations shall voluntarily disclosed the vital information about the company which might affect the environment. Connecting to theory in the given case, BHP and Vale disclosed all the information of the preliminary contract in order to build trust in the society. The company also requires taking licenses from the government in order to start any commercial agreement with any other organization as well. The legitimate theory emanates that the companies needs reveal its corporate environmental information and wok on them as well in order to maintain trust (Abrutyn, 2016). Similarly, in the case of BHP and Vale, the government obligated the companies the pay USD 675 million as security and USD 60 million to support environmental programs. This step was taken by government as well as companies to negotiate the damage done due to their negligence and for the betterment of public on a whole. Conclusion Following the litigation theory, the organizations need to be aware of its corporate social responsibility. The organization and government shall act in accordance with the rules and norms defined so that harmony is maintained in the society (ODonovan, 2002). References Abrutyn, S. (2016). Handbook of Contemporary Sociological Theory. Switzerland; Springer International Publishing. Bebbington, J., Larrinaga-Gonzlez, C., Moneva-Abada, J. M. (2008). Legitimating reputation/the reputation of legitimacy theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,21(3), 371-374. Belal, A. R. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Developing Countries.USA; Ashgate Publishing Company. Evlin, L. (2017). BHP and Vale closer to $47.5 billion Samarco dam disaster settlement. Viewed on 2 may 2017 from https://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/bhp-and-vale-edge-closer-to--47-5-billion-samarco-dam-disaster-settlement.html?utm_medium=emailutm_source=www.thewebconsole.comutm_campaign=BNA+news+update+20+January+2016utm_content=28911855c=29684491_c=4db9e1f2b3dc112a5066d7ed87f8bdcd McWilliams, A., Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective.Academy of management review,26(1), 117-127. ODonovan, G. (2002). Environmental disclosures in the annual report: Extending the applicability and predictive power of legitimacy theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,15(3), 344-371.